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Type III Trauma: Toward a More Effective Conceptualization of Psychological Trauma

Center for Mental Health Education, Assessment and Therapy, 1304 Desoto Avenue, Suite 201, Tampa, Florida 33606, USA

Kathleen M. Heide

University of South Florida, Department of Criminology—SOC 107, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620-8100, USA

Research on offenders and crime victims underscores the importance of identifying trauma-related events and treating their effects. The authors build on the work of psychiatrist Lenore Terr, who distinguished Types I and II psychological trauma, by proposing a third category, Type III trauma. Type III trauma occurs when an individual experiences multiple, pervasive, violent events beginning at an early age and continuing over a long period of time. Diagnostic criteria include alterations in memory and consciousness, frequently including dissociation; emotional numbing; major developmental deficits; poorly developed, often fragmented, sense of self; a core belief that he or she is fatally flawed and has no right to be alive; a sense of hopelessness and shame; trust issues that interfere with normal relationships; and no concept of a future. Treatment of individuals who have sustained Type III trauma is more complex and demanding relative to survivors of Types I or II trauma.

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 43, No. 2, 202-210 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/0306624X99432007


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